Random: This is simply a word that has aquired a new meaning. Let me ask you something? Would you argue with the word “cool” to mean something desirable? You could just as well argue that “That skateboard is so cool!” is incorrect because the skateboard is room-temperatured. Words change and aquire new meanings all the time, deal with it.

Not so much: This is simply an idiom, and idioms never make sense. Take “What’s up?” for instance. Up? Clouds, maybe?

Literally: Much the same as “Random”, this is a word that has aquired a new meaning. Using your logic, your example is incorrect too, literally doesn’t mean “not metaphorically”, it means “by the letter”. So using your logic only the usage “He translated the book literally” would be correct. This is not just me arguing, I’ve got an editor of the OED on my side. Of course, it can sound really silly at times, but that doesn’t make it incorrect.

Languages evolve. Deal with it.